The Incarceration Rate Of State And Federal Prisons

For several decades there has been a considerable increase incarceration rate in state and federal prisons. This is due to the public demanding more castigatory laws along with harsher sentencing policies. In the United State there 2.3 million people are incarcerated in prisons and jails which make the United States the lead in the incarceration rate (Wright, 2010). Truth in sentencing law made it essential that offenders serve a significant portion of the prison sentenced handed down by the court before he or she can be considered or eligible for release. Policies implemented before reduced the quantity of time an offender served on a sentence, such as parole board release, goodtime, and earned-time are constrained or get rid of under†¦show more content†¦This study found that even though a lot of states interacted the Truth in Sentence laws there was limited Federal pressure on State Truth in Sentence guidelines. Instead, state reforms naturally pre-dated the Federal leg islation or were implemented in small increments adjusting to practices that already existed. What s more, the study concluded that State Truth in Sentence usually augmented the anticipated duration of time to be served however, these augmentations were rarely the most important contributor to the increase in prison population. However, changes in crime rates, prison admissions and arrests were the most influential (Rosich Kane, n.d.) The Urban Institute Study also studied the effect of a variety of Truth in Sentence reforms that were put into practices in the States for the period of the early-to mid-1990’s on their prison population. The study conducted a quantitative examination of crime, arrest, population, and corrections data from seven States that focused on whether State Truth in Sentence reform actually paved the road to changes in punishments for offenders who were violent and also increased the prison population. The study found that possibility of a prison admission given arrest for serious violent offenses did not automatically increase. However, the use of incarceration augmented in four States, but diminished in the other three. But, there was an increase in expected stay depending on the severity of punishment for serious

Stem Cells Are The Unique Properties Of All - 1573 Words

Wouldn t it be wonderful if cures for parkinsons, alzheimers, cancer, and more were within our grasp? This has been promised by some in the medical profession for over a decade. Stem Cells have been overhyped, overpromised, and have built a false sense of hope in many suffering from dibilitating diseases. Properties of Stem Cells Stem Cells have the ability to divide and renew themselves over extended periods of time (What are the unique properties of all stem cells). They are not like muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells which don t usually renew themselves (What are the unique properties of all stem cells). Stem cells are unspecialized (What are the unique properites of all stem cells). Stem cells do not have structures with tissue that allow it to present specialized functions (What are the unique properties of all stem cells). Stem cells can give rise to specialized cells (What are the unique properties of all stem cells). When unspecialized stem cells can give rise to specialized, the events are called differentation (What are the unique properties of all stem cells). The cell will often go through several stages (What are the unique properties of all stem cells). Differences between Adult and Embryonic Stem cells A big difference between Adult and Embryonic Stem cells is their different abilites in the number and type of different cell types they can be (What are the similarites and differences between embryonic and adult stem cells). Embryonic stem cells canShow MoreRelatedStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do howeverRead MoreStem Cells Are Good Or Bad?968 Words   |  4 Pages Stem cells are cells that can be changed into other cell types. There are positive and negative aspects to them. They can help and danger people’s lives. Stem cells have many properties and uses. There is a big debate on whether stem cells are good or bad. There are many different opinions but I will write about what I think on this subject. The unique properties of stem cells are that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for a long time. This means they can multiply as many timesRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells And Cloning1398 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Stem cells and cloning are very controversial today. There are debates and arguments about it all over the internet. The idea of stem cells is to use them to help cure and prevent diseases. You can use embryonic and adult stem cells. That’s one of the reasons people argue about it, because it kills the potential life of the embryo. [Stem Cells and Cloning] Stem cells and cloning is very controversial in today s society. Some people believe it’s not a good idea because it destroysRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1338 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain, muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from any other cell in theRead MoreStem Cells: The Most Important Cells in the Medical Field1263 Words   |  5 Pagesrate and stem cells represent a bright future in this field of study. Stem cells have properties that set them apart from all other cell types and make them very useful for therapies and treatments. They have the ability to divide and differentiate into any type of cell within the body. They are essential to the functioning of the human body because they repair and replace dying cells and damaged tissues. Th ere are two types of stem cells, embryonic stem cells and somatic (adult) stem cells. TheyRead MoreStem Cell Research : The Future Of Medicine Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesSince their discovery in the 1980s, stem cells have been considered one of the most exciting concepts in the scientific community. Stem cells represented untold implications for medicine, and for the last three decades researchers have continued to explore the many opportunities stem cell research has to offer. Today, the future of stem cells is still bright, and scientists are closer than ever to successfully implementing their clinical applications. However, stem cell research remains a highly controversialRead MoreWhy Do We Study Stem Cells?1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1978 stem cells were discovered in human cord blood and in1997 stem cells were used to clone a lamb (Murnaghan,2016). Why do we want to study stem cells? Why is it important to medicine? Stem cells are non-specialized cells that have the abi lity to transform into the different kinds of specialized cells in the body. These stem cells can be either a muscle cell, blood cell, or brain cell. Stem cells ability to transform into any one of these cells provides the body with a repair system in whichRead MoreStem Cell Use And Injuries1242 Words   |  5 Pages Stem Cell Use in Injuries Stem cell research in the past few decades has seen great expansion, as more scientists and researchers have begun to experiment with the capabilities of stem cells. As a result, we understand stem cells and their capabilities is much better than in the past. Stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell, making them unique to other types of cells. When they divide and produce new cells, the daughter cells can remain as stem cells or develop into a specializedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Indued Pluripotent Stem Cells And How These Developments Will Impact The Medical Field1733 Words   |  7 Pagesevolution of indued pluripotent stem cells and how these developments will impact the medical field. Beginning with a comprehensive exploration of the history and discovery of stem cells, it will highlight the challenges historically faced by researchers and medical professionals prior to the discovery of defined factors in adult cells. Using published research for reference, it will describe the process of discovery and modern application of induced pluripotent stem cells, leaning heavily on the originalRead MoreStem Cell Research is a Vital Necessity for Medical Advances in America1373 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing embryonic stem cell research, which has the potential to help 150 million Americans who suffer from serious or incurable diseases or disabilities† (Roleff 63). It is incredible how some of the smallest items like stem cells can have such a drastic impact on the world. Two types of these tiny cells are adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. These stem cells are important and have unique opportunities. However, there are ethical issues with researching stem cells. Nevertheless, it

Commonwealth Bank Modern Economic Growth

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth Bank for Modern Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) is a multinational bank and it has its business relationship with various countries like New Zealand, Fiji, USA, and UK and even with various Asian countries. Apart from services like retail banking, institutional banking, brokerage services it also provides various other financial services. The Commonwealth Bank was founded in 1911 by the Australian government and it is one the big four Australian banks alongside National Australian Bank (NAB) and Westpac (Commonwealth Bank, 2016). The bank was fully privatized in 1996. The Commonwealth Bank is the only financial institution to have appeared in the Dream Employer's top 20 list of preferred employers for 2010 and 2011. Comparison of the Financial Statements for the last 5 years Income Statement The relevant figures extracted from the Annual Report and the Percentage of Increase / Decrease in comparison to the prior year is presented below: Particulars 2012 2013 % Increase 2014 % Increase 2015 % Increase 2016 % Increase Interest Income 38,258 34,739 -9% 33,645 -3% 34,100 1% 33,817 -1% Interest Expenses 25,136 20,805 -17% 18,544 -11% 18,305 -1% 16,882 -8% NET Interest Income 13,122 13,934 6% 15,101 8% 15,795 5% 16,935 7% Non Interest Revenue 8,935 10,128 13% 10,667 5% 11,210 5% 10,562 -6% Total NET Revenue 22,057 24,062 9% 25,768 7% 27,005 5% 27,497 2% Income before Taxes 9,964 10,728 8% 11,997 12% 12,612 5% 12,854 2% Net Income After Tax 7,090 7,677 8% 8,631 12% 9,063 5% 9,227 2% EPS - Basic 4.46 4.75 7% 5.31 12% 5.54 4% 5.42 -2% On the revenue side, Interest Income is the major source of revenue, but it is seen that the interest income is falling constantly year after year. In comparison to this, the interest expenses are also decreasing every year thus leading to an increase in the Net Interest Income every year. The Non Interest Revenue, comprising of commissions and fees and other income is steadily increasing every year till 2015 but has fallen by 6% for 2016 (Commonwealth Bank, 2016). The Non Interest Expenses comprises of Compensation and benefits, Tech, communication and equipments, Amortization of Intangibles and Other Expenses. An overall increasing trend is observed in the non interest expenses (Nzuve, 2011). The resultant figure is the Income from Continuing Operations which is also increasing every year but at a diminishing rate. The proportion of increase of 8% and 12% in 2013 and 2014 has fallen to 5% and 2% in 2015 and 2016 respectively. After the deduction of non operating expenses like provision for taxes and other expenses, the resultant figure is Net Income available to Common Shareholders. The same trend as Income from Continuing Operations is observed here. EPS has increased during 2013 and 2014 but started falling in 2015 and has also gone negative in 2016. Overall, it can be said that CBA has achieved good income and profitability levels in 2013 and 2014 but the momentum is not being carried on and 2015 marks the commencement of the fall in incomes and profits (Coyle, 2014). Balance Sheet The relevant figures extracted from the Annual Report and the Percentage of Increase / Decrease in comparison to the prior year is presented below: Particulars 2012 2013 % Increase 2014 % Increase 2015 % Increase 2016 % Increase Derivative Assets 38,937 45,340 16% 29,247 -35% 46,154 58% 46,567 1% Debt Securities 92,046 96,765 5% 1,05,342 9% 1,19,111 13% 1,32,768 11% Net Loans 5,25,682 5,56,648 6% 5,97,781 7% 6,39,262 7% 6,95,398 9% Premises 2,503 2,718 9% 2,816 4% 2,833 1% 3,940 39% Goodwill 7,705 7,723 0% 7,566 -2% 7,599 0% 7,925 4% Other Intangible Assets 2,576 2,700 5% 2,226 -18% 2,371 7% 2,459 4% Other Assets 48,780 41,982 -14% 46,473 11% 56,116 21% 44,021 -22% Total Assets 7,18,229 7,53,876 5% 7,91,451 5% 8,73,446 10% 9,33,078 7% Deposits 4,37,655 4,59,429 5% 4,98,352 8% 5,43,231 9% 5,88,045 8% Derivative Liabilities 39,221 38,580 -2% 27,259 -29% 35,213 29% 39,921 13% Payables 9,561 10,050 5% 10,467 4% 11,105 6% 9,774 -12% Short-term Borrowing 1,56,555 1,64,793 5% 1,72,224 5% 1,92,789 12% 1,91,486 -1% Other Liabilities 34,196 36,069 5% 34,338 -5% 38,677 13% 43,646 13% Total Liabilities 6,77,188 7,08,921 5% 7,42,640 5% 8,21,015 11% 8,72,872 6% Stockholders Equity Preferred Stock 939 Common Stock 25,175 27,262 8% 27,975 3% 28,558 2% 33,845 19% Retained Earnings 13,356 16,360 22% 18,827 15% 21,528 14% 23,627 10% Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 1,571 1,333 -15% 2,009 51% 2,345 17% 2,734 17% Total Shareholders Equity 41,041 44,955 10% 48,811 9% 52,431 7% 60,206 15% The Total Assets have steadily increased by 5% in 2013 and 2014 but 2015 has seen an increase of 10% and 2016 of 7% respectively. The same is the case with the increase in the figures of total liabilities. Shareholders Equity has increased by 10%, 9%, 7% and 15% for the years 2013 to 2016 respectively. As assets and liabilities are constantly changing figures, the ups and downs are quite evident, but overall the company is growing and the shareholders equity represented as a part of the retained earnings and accumulated other incomes is displaying a healthy growth (Dawson, 2006). The Commonwealth Bank is Australia's biggest retail bank which provides variety of products and services which includes providing loans, credit card transaction and savings account. The bank has largest branch and ATM network. It also provides services to people who intend to move to Australia (Australian Government, 2013). Recent Scandals Commonwealth Bank is one the most important banks of Australia. It not only derives profit but also finances from income earned through activities which has caused destruction to the Great Barrier Reef. Because of such activity the bank has faced a lot of scrutiny from public and has come under extreme pressure after a report by Market Forces in 2013. In 2014 the Commonwealth Bank came under a lot of pressure and they were asked to withdraw their investment on every mining project that would threaten the reef. It was revealed later 2014 that CBA had advised Indian coal miner Adani on its proposed development in Galilee Basin in Queensland. A report by Market Forces in 2015 that CBA was the single biggest investor in projects concerning fossil fuels, during the six year period from 2008-2014, within the Great Barrier World Heritage Area. Immediately after the report protests were held at more than fifty branches of CBA in Australia and around the globe. A report by MSCI showed that Australia's largest bank invested ten percent of their know loan arrangements on risky fossil fuels project which might become irrevocable if the world wanted to avoid disastrous climatic change. The former financial planner of CBA Jeff Morris made a claim to Australian Securities and Investment Commission (AISC) about the extent of misconduct of CAB's financial planning arm, Commonwealth Financial Planning Limited (CFPL). ASICS launched an investigation after 16 months. The Senate Inquiry found in its report that there was forgery and dishonest concealment of material facts. The Senate Inquiry concluded a Royal Commission as it was considered that AISC didn't have enough investigating powers required to disclose the extent of allegations made. After a week of Senate Inquiry, CEO Ian Narev issued an apology statement and announced a compensation scheme. Former CEB Ralph Norris also accepted the fact that he was aware of the problems that existed within CFPL but denied claim that there was any conspiracy for covering the cracks. New requiredadjustments in balance sheet (new provision of funds) and their description The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements which aim at market discipline and requires bank to have sufficient credit standing to meet the market and operational risks due to the exposure to risk weighed assets. As a result of this disclosure requirement, the Notes to Balance Sheet sets out the Tier I and Tier II risk weighted capital ratios. Apart from the regulatory adjustments to Tier I, the additional Basel III complying instruments of $5,000 M are set aside as PERLS VI PERLS VII Capital Notes were issued by the bank. The other instruments that were not eligible to be complying instruments for Basel were either redeemed or called back and cancelled by the bank. As markets and business conditions have become increasingly complex, these notes were critically reviewed to be offering lower returns with higher risk. Thus, the required arrangements were made by the bank in terms of additional fund raising in light of the new requirements of the Basel Committee (Horton Ganainy, 2010). Disclosure Scandal In 2016 it was revealed that some Of CBA staff were involved in a fraud amounted to 76million dollars and those staff involved received secret commission for their role in this claimed fraud which was organized by the management of the bank for almost five years before the police were altered. The CBA initially prevented the release of internal documents and emails but was but were ordered by the court to hand over those documents to one of the victims named Nick Fotopoulos, a property developer in Melbourne, who lost five millions and he also launched a civil action against the bank. The spokesperson of CBA did not comment on the situation while the matter was before court. Many of the financial planners of CBA have been banned by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission for providing inappropriate advices and for charging extra commissions and fees and in some cases it was claimed that they committed act of fraud (Osborne, 2009). Recently Commonwealth Bank of Australia revealed its view that is has found every one out of ten files missing of customers who applied for checking of their records, accounts and investments as a part of the bank's compensation scheme (Brealey et. al, 2011). Culture of the organization Commonwealth Bank of Australia has decided to reinvent its way of dealing with the customers. The idea of making customers the focal point within the traditionally assets driven industries which includes manufacturing and financial services, is a complex challenge (Horton Ganainy, 2010). Instead of focusing on the desire of customers the organization had focused more on running the assets. Too much time, energy and money have been spent on the products and infrastructure. This is in direct contrast to the functioning of an organization that focuses of customer's wants (Choi Meek, 2011). As per the list of Customer Service Champions, the organization that have focused on what the customers want have done really well, some of them are Amazon.com and ING Direct. Several local Australia brands have also excelled in this area and the most notable performer has been Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA). In 2006 CBA launched their vision by putting the wellbeing of the customer at the centre of everything. The goal set by the organization was simple yet challenging that is to meet the expectations of the customer across of the business area. With the vision of fulfilling customers` expectations their main aim, CBA looked for new ways of with customers in a better way and giving them the services they seek for (Whittington, 2008). In the case of commonwealth bank, the conceptual framework underlines the process of financial reporting. The main benefit that accrues is that the system is well established and a continuous flow is maintained. The purpose of financial reporting is properly ascertained. The concept has provided immense benefit to CBA in terms of identification of the boundary of financial reporting, transaction selection, recognition and measurement and summary (Acemoglu, 2011). Recommendation CBA is a standout performer in the Australian market. Almost a decade ago, the organization decided to refresh it's method of dealing with customers. This idea was lead by then CEO Ralph Norris and today it's continuing under current CEO Ian Narev. Mr. Narev announced that the group would build on this idea and the organization believed that there are four key areas which needs to be taken care of and are capable of continuing the vision of the organization. Those four key areas are - people, technology strength and productivity (Enria, 2014). Further it can be said that the coming years will be prosperous for the bank owing to the new standards and leadership. Conclusion On a concluding note it can be said that the Commonwealth wealth bank is a strong runner in the Australian market and that can be witnessed by the financial statements. It has made commendable progress and has stressed on every aspect of development. Going by the above report it can be said that though there have been scandals and manipulations in the past yet it has managed to remove the problems. Overall, the performance is strong and is expected to continue the journey. References Acemoglu, D. (2011). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. Princeton University Press, 2011). Australian Government (2013). Budget Strategy and Outlook, Budget Paper: Commonwealth of Australia, RetrievedAugust 19, 2016, from https://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/organizations_fasb.html Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2011). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K., (2011). International accounting. Pearson . Commonwealth Bank. (2016). Commonwealth Bank annual report 2016, Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/shareholders/financial-information/results.html Coyle, D. (2014). GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History. Princeton University Press. Dawson, G. (2006). Economics and Economic Change. Prentice Hall. Enria, F. (2014). Disclosure of Accommodative Monetary Policy meaning. SA: Frank Enria. Horton, M and Ganainy, El. (2010). Fiscal policy: taking and giving away, International Monetary Fund, Oxford Press. Nzuve. S, (2011). Some Thoughts of How to Allocate Indirect Costs in a Corporate Environment, Social Science Research network, School of Business, University of Nairobi. RetrievedAugust 19, 2016, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2141692 Osborne, P (2009).Storm Financial collapse plan outlined.The Age (Melbourne). RetrievedAugust 19, 2016, from https://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-business/storm-financial-collapse-plan-outlined-20090810-ef9y.html Whittington, G (2008) Harmonization or Discord? The critical role of the IASB conceptual framework review. Journal of Accounting Public Policy, 27(6), 44-56

Policies and political instruments of public action, from global to local

Research Question What influenced the conduction of this research study are matters concerning the tropical forests. There are various policies, as well as, instruments of public action evident in the issue of tropical forests both local and global.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Policies and political instruments of public action, from global to local specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the research question is; what policies and political instruments of public action, from global to local. This research question is significant and worth investigating. This is because, studies conducted in the past on the same topic have been few and, therefore, there is no much knowledge regarding the policies and political instruments of public action, from global to local. It is due to this that the researcher of this research study decided to research on the topic to provide a deeper insight towards the matter and perhaps add up to the already existing information, in addition to, filling the gaps in the past research studies on the same topic. Study Hypothesis The policies that can be identified as affecting the tropical forests are constructed, implemented and translated into instruments by several parties in a precise and clear manner. The evaluation, adjustments or even distortions of these policies are facilitated by the social factors. Research Variables There are a number of relationships, which this research study is interested. However, they are abstract in nature. This implies that there the manner in which they are operationalized might not be subject to validity and the measurement given to them might not be valid too. The measure of the makers of policies’ participation is abstract, and as such, it will require establishing estimates of the values.Advertising Looking for assessment on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review The effects of instruments used in the making of tropical forest policies or even those that concerns environmental services, which according to Zhihua Wang (2012), are linked to the ecosystem of the forest, to both the global, as well as the local people scales, can be best evaluated in terms of efficiency and equity. Thinking, which can be attributed to the policies, said to effectively promote the public interest in such situations of a failed state is determined in terms of its scope. The scope of thinking also helps in identifying the assertions, which according to the findings of the research conducted by Yin Yin (2000) indicates that they privilege the legitimacy of the local people. Zhihua Wang (2012) made worthwhile observations when he asserted that policies that can be described as affecting the tropical forests reconstructed, implemented, in addition to, being implemented into instruments in an appropriate way by several parti es involved including local and global agents. Data The research study will assume a qualitative data, and as such, the data to be collected will be qualitative in form. The sample of the study will be made up of the U.S citizens in the tropical regions as well as the top officials of the team that designed the forest policies. This will include both international and local agents, as well as officials from the ministry of forests in the U.S. The sample will be made up of 20 ordinary citizens, 5 representatives from the ministry of forests of the U.S government, 3 local forest p0policy makers and 2 international forest policy makers. In total, there will be a sample of 30 participants. References Yin, H., Yin, Y. (2000). Tropical Forest Policies. Harvard University Press: CambridgeAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Policies and political instruments of public action, from global to local specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zhihua, D., Wang, Z. S (2012). Tropical Forest Policies: Challenges. Australian The forest Management Journal, 35 (3), 1-38. This assessment on Policies and political instruments of public action, from global to local was written and submitted by user Kelsey Buckley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.